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Francisco Goya 1746-1828 L'opera Incisa
Francisco Goya 1746-1828 The Etchings
The exhibition that the Triennale Europea dell’Incisione is dedicating to Francisco Goya is the natural continuation of those devoted in past years to Dürer, Piranesi and Rembrandt. This is a very important cycle because it re-affirms and historically documents the extraordinary importance that etchings have had through the centuries, in artistic research and in the diffusion of what are called the “figurative arts.” A Spanish painter and engraver (Fuendetodos, Saragossa, 1746-Bordeaux 1828), a pupil at Saragossa of J. Luzán y Martínez, Goya moved to Madrid in 1763, where he twice tried without success to be admitted to the Royal Academy of San Fernando. The official artistic environment was dominated in those years by Mengs and by the Tiepolos who, together with Velázquez and the painters of the purest Spanish tradition, were the models on which Goya’s figurative language matured, until it transcended the cultural fashions and modes of the time. Both a synthesis and a transcending of the extreme results of Baroque art as well as of neo-classical art, understood as its antithesis, Goya’s work takes on an essential, anticipatory meaning, in the European culture of the time, opening the way to the later experiments of impressionism, surrealism and expressionism. In 1770 Goya came to Italy and participated in a competition held by the City Academy of Parma, receiving second prize. On his return to Saragossa (1771), he was asked to decorate with frescoes the chancel of Nuestra Señora del Pilar and of the Aula Dei monastery (1772-1773). The tasteful eclecticism of his first works, influenced by the examples of F. Bayeu (whose sister Goya married), is animated by intensely colourful passages that prefigure the works of his maturity. On returning to Madrid, in 1776 he was commissioned to make a series of 43 cartoons for the Royal Tapestry Factory of Santa Bárbara (today in the Prado museum), carried out between 1776 and 1791. The scenes of Madrid life (The Parasol; Brawl at the “New Inn”, 1776-1780) and the Seasons (1786), with their fresh naturalism, are immersed in a luminous plein air, playing with faded hues, and show his familiarity with French genre painting and the Veneto school; in the last series of cartoons, on the subject of games (The Blind Hen; The Puppet, 1791), a vein of melancholy irony, a suspicion of decadence insinutates itself into the eighteenth-century idyll and seems about to unravel its optimistic content. Appointed to the Academy of San Fernando in 1780, in 1781 he was given the task of executing the altarpiece for San Francisco el Grande (St. Bernardino of Siena Preaching before Alfonso V of Aragon, 1781-1783). His increasing success among the circles of aristocrats, which was confirmed by his appointment as “court painter” for King Charles IV, is shown by a series of very fine portraits. Goya cultivated this genre until his last years, with interpretations that re-echo the classical elegance of Mengs (Count of Miranda, 1774, Madrid, Lazara collection; The Count of Floridablanca, 1783, Madrid, Banco Urquijo; The Duke of Alba, 1795, Madrid, Prado) alternating with portraits inspired by the English school of Gainsborough and Reynolds (The Marquesa de Pontejos, ca. 1788,Washington, National Gallery; The Family of the Duke of Osuna, 1789-1790), Madrid, Prado; The Duchess of Alba, 1797, New York, Hispanic Society), then passing on to psychological and naturalistic portraits (Josepha Bayeu, Madrid, Prado; Doña Isabel de Porcel, 1805, London, National Gallery; the two Majas, ca. 1800, Madrid, Prado; Isidro Máiquez, 1807, Madrid, Prado). In 1799, the year when Goya was appointed as first painter to the king, he produced the portraits of Charles IV on Horseback and Queen Maria Luisa on Horseback (Madrid, Prado); the next year he painted The Family of Charles IV, observed with pitiless irony; through the splendid apparatus of the court painting the psychological and human reality of these personages comes to us in all its tragical poverty. In the years between 1790 and 1810 the most profound and personal sources of Goya’s inspiration emerged, through a crisis that involved both him and his world; on the one hand, the disease that struck him in 1792, leaving him completely deaf, and on the other a crisis of sensibility and thought, caused by the political events of the French Revolution and then by the Napoleonic invasions. The culture of the Enlightenment gave way before the enormity of social conflicts, wars and revolutions. Goya transcribed the tragic irrationality of events, making the irrational and the monstruous emerge from reality. Some of the works incorporating this new theme of Goya’s are: the Popular Diversions of 1793 (Burial of the Sardine; Procession of Flagellants; Inquisition Tribunal; Madrid, Academia de San Fernando), where the depiction of common people and customs takes on an ethical and historical meaning that goes well beyond genre painting; the albums of Madrid and Sanlúcar (1794-1795), an immense material of “thoughts” for the 80 etchings and aquatints of the Caprichos (published in 1799); the frescoes of San Antonio de la Florida, in Madrid; the etchings of The Disasters of War (1808-1809), which illustrate the war in Spain in those years, as do the two later paintings The Charge of the Mamelukes and The 3rd of May 1808, in Madrid; The Shooting of Prince Pius on the Mountain (1814); the etchings of Tauromaquia (1815-1816), and Disparates or Proverbios (1813-1815 and 1817-1818), an ideal continuation of the Caprichos. Goya opens his work up to a new, fully romantic figurative language, which makes free use of expressionistic deformation; through symbolic allusions the impressionistic technique dramatically heightens the contrasts of light and colour. The high point of this technique is reached in the haunting visions painted in oils on the walls of the Quinta del Sordo (1819-1823) and the house of Carabanchel, where Goya withdrew in 1819, today conserved in the Prado museum. In Saturn Devouring His Children, Brawl with Beating, The Fates, and Fantastic Vision, what is monstrous, enigmatic, and symbolic takes on universal meaning and merges to make up that pessimistic “mythology” that is the expression of Goya’s mature sensibility. In 1819 he painted The Last Communion of St. Joseph of Calasanz and the Prayer in the Garden (Madrid, Escuelas Pías de San Antón) with unusual and touching feeling for the sacred objects. After the Restoration Goya left Madrid (1825) for France. He settled in Bordeaux, where he experienced a last period of fervid activity: he prepared the five lithographs of the Bulls of Bordeaux (1825) and painted some portraits (The Milkmaid of Bordeaux, 1827, Madrid, Prado; Molina, 1828, private collection) with a technique that expresses the highest level of his art. The etchings of Francisco Goya appear exemplary because the artist, after having become the “King’s painter”, began in his maturity to conceive of and execute great cycles of etchings, becoming in this way “the artist of the Spanish people.” This exhibition presents a few “exemplary” paintings of the great Spanish artist, and all his etchings, i.e. the great cycles that are briefly decsribed below. The Caprices This is a series of 80 etchings that Goya executed in 1797 and 1798. The series, which opens with a self-portrait, lays bare the prejudices, the fears, the vices, and the beliefs of the Spanish people. The Disasters of War This famous cycle of 80 etchings made by Goya between 1810 and 1823 describes the horrors of war, no matter who perpetrates them (the Bourbons and Napoleon), and the consequent “disasters” caused to the common people. Tauromaquia Bulls are the symbol of the Spanish soul and an artist like Goya could not but devote his attention to the “mortal game” of the bullfight. The series includes 40 etchings (33 + 7 that were at first discarded), made by the artist in 1815 and 1816, prior to the execution in 1825 of the famous lithographs of the Bulls of Bordeaux. Proverbs or Follies This series of 18 etchings is the most difficult of Goya’s works to interpret. In some respects they are in harmony with the famous Black Paintings. These etchings, made between 1815 and 1824, resume the themes of fear and prejudice present in the Caprices. | |
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